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January 2010

Obama Administration Wants to “Sideline” the UN in Future Climate Talks
After what it described as a “chaotic” Copenhagen climate summit, the Obama Administration has signaled that it sees a lesser role for the UN in stemming global warming. The American climate change envoy, Jonathan Pershing, has stated that “it is impossible to imagine a negotiation of enormous complexity where you have a table of 192 countries involved in all the detail.”
Mr Pershing envisions future negotiations dominated by the world’s largest polluters, such as China, the US, India, Brazil, and South Africa. This is the group that supported a deal in the “eleventh hour” of the summit.

Additionally, Mr Pershing noted that the UN is probably not the institution to manage the $30 billion global fund whose goal it is to help poor countries adapt to climate change. A number of poor counties are extremely unhappy with the “deal” brokered by Mr. Obama in Copenhagen. They seek a much more ambitious goal of limiting warming to 1.5 degrees or even under 1 degree. In the opinion of Bolivian president Morales, “The real cause of climate change is the capitalist system. If we want to save the earth, then we must end that economic model.”
Source: Suzanne Goldberg, The Guardian, January 14, 2010

Ban ki-Moon Concerned about Stalled Mid East Negotiations
Expressing concern about Israel’s continued construction and presence in Arab-occupied East Jerusalem, Ban ki-Moon warned that settlement activity threatens the potential of a two-state solution.

The UN Secretary General noted that the international community does not recognize Israel’s annexation of East Jerusalem, a part of occupied Palestinian territory. For its part, Israel accused the UN of overlooking the continued flow of arms between Hezbollah, Iran and Hamas. The Administration’s envoy to the Middle East, George Mitchell, has not yet made progress with either side in the conflict.
Source: Saaretz.com, January 23, 2010

On-going Loss of Biodiversity in the World Impacts Human Well Being
In 1992, the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was presented at the Rio Earth Summit. Ten years later, in 2002, governments agreed to significantly reduce diversity loss by 2010.
That has not happened. Indeed, some analyses point to an acceleration of nature loss.

An ongoing UN-sponsored study on the economic aspect of diversity indicates that deforestation costs the global economy $2-3 trillion each year. The UN notes that as natural systems such as forests and wetlands disappear, humanity loses the benefits that these ecological systems provide.
A senior science advisor to Conservation International urges governments to do for biodiversity what they failed to do for climate change in Copenhagen. In his words, governments “have the chance to make a major difference; and key to this will be halting species extinctions, the most irreversible aspect of biodiversity loss.”
Source: Richard Black, BBC News Website, January 24, 2010

Russia Anticipates Agreement with the US on Nuclear Reduction Treaty
Russia’s foreign minister Lavrov is optimistic that an agreement will soon be reached on a landmark nuclear arms reduction treaty with the US. The agreement would be a successor to the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). Plans for this treaty were discussed last year in a meeting between President Obama and Russian President Medvedev. Both the US and Russia have stated that they want the treaty signed before the global conference in May 2010 as an incentive to control the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Lawmakers of both countries must ratify the agreement. Issues that are still being negotiated are monitoring and verification measures.
Source: Conor Sweeney, Reuters.com, January 24, 2010

Environmental Refugees Are Unable to Return Home
Worsening climate conditions worldwide are forcing people in developing countries to leave their villages and head to other towns and eventually to a city. Experts on migration predict that tens of millions more people in small villages may be forced out of their homes because of disasters. In recent years more severe storms and floods, coupled with salinization damage to crops caused by the encroaching seas, have uprooted thousands in Bangladesh. At the Copenhagen climate summit meeting in December 2009, negotiators approved $100 million to help those displaced by environmental disasters. However, the major portion of these funds will not be available until 2020.
Source: Joanna Kakissis, The New York Times, January 4. 2010

Perpetrators of Female Genital Circumcision in West Africa Face Jail and a Fatwa
On January 12, 2010, 34 imams and scholars signed a fatwa against the practice of female genital circumcision in Mauritania and sanctions in Niger against mothers who subject their daughters to it. Many Muslim women have held the belief that if they are not circumcised they are unclean and their prayers will not be heard. However, according to the secretary general of the Forum of Islamic Thought in Mauritania, “ Islam is clearly against any action that has negative effects on health. Now that doctors in Mauritania unanimously say this practice threatens health, it is therefore clear that Islam is against it.”

The fatwa is not binding and would not affect communities engaging in this practice for “centuries-old cultural reasons not linked to the arrival of Islam in Africa.” A 2003 ban on the practice in Niger recently resulted in fines and jail sentences for 45 mothers complicit in allowing their daughters to be cut.
Source: Laurent Prieur and Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters, January 22, 2010


US Ambassador to Afghanistan Cautious About Using Afghan Militias Against the Taliban
Ambassador Eikenberry has concerns about engaging Afghan militias because the Afghan central government has not “bought into” the concept fully. Afghan officials are concerned that such a program could result in the rise of warlords and further undermine the Kabul government. As noted by Richard Holbrook, special envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan, “One person’s community defense initiative can be another person’s warlord militia.”

If the program is ultimately approved, it would have the following features: Security group members would not be paid. Instead, compensation would be in the form of financial support for development projects in areas where the groups operate; Village militias would receive radios to call for assistance from nearby US or Afghan forces; The groups would be under the authority of a local “shura”—a council or tribal elders, not under a single tribal chief; There would be a “bottom-up” approach to security and economic development to reduce the influence of what is perceived as a corrupt central government in Kabul.
Source: Greg Jaffe and Jajiv Chandrasekaran, The Washington Post, January 24, 2010


UN Report Finds that Elderly Will Outnumber Children in 2045
The UN Report, “World Population Ageing 2009” notes that by 2045 the elderly will outnumber children. The increased number of elderly impacts economic growth, savings, investment, consumption, labor markets, pensions, and taxation. The trend will also influence housing demand, migration trends and the need for health-care services.In most countries the number of people over 80 is growing faster than any other age group, increasing the demand for long-term care.
Source: Jason Gale, Bloomberg.com

Bipartisan Group of Senators Attempt to Block EPA from Regulating Greenhouse Gases under the Clean Air Act
The EPA plans to enact regulations that would control greenhouse gases, including putting costly limits on power plant pollution. A group of three Democrats and 35 Republicans is preparing a “resolution of disapproval” of the EPA’s proposed action. A 2007 Supreme Court ruling gives the EPA the right to regulate emissions from vehicles, power plants, and various other major emitters. However, given the current economic climate and the political stalemate, few experts expect that Congress will complete legislation controlling greenhouse gases in 2010. UN Foundation President Timothy Wirth has “weighed in” on the subject of the greenhouse gas controversy, opining that “the number one goal of (the) industry (is) to defang the EPA.”
Source: Juliet Eilperin, The Washington Post, January 22, 2010

June and July 2009

Iran Frees 140 After Son of Prominent Conservative Dies in Prison
Earlier this week Iran released 140 people detained during the post-election demonstrations.  Moreover, Ayatollah Khamenie ordered the closure of Kahrizak prison, where jailed protesters were allegedly killed. These actions came soon after news broke that the son of a prominent conservative leader was beaten at the Kahrizak prison and later died. Conservative lawmakers expressed outrage upon learning of the death of their colleague’s son.

Human rights groups have identified at least three protesters who died after being held at Kahrizak.  The opposition parties have warned that detainees were being tortured to force confessions implying that their protests were part of a “foreign-backed plot.” Opposition leader Mousavi denounced the deaths as a “disaster.”   He said “We have not experienced such a thing before the revolution (overthrow of the Shah).  People will not forgive these acts.  How is it possible that someone goes into a prison, then his body comes out.”
Source: Nasser Karimi, TheStar.com, July 28, 2009

The UN Enacted “Responsibility to Protect” in 2005; Today that Doctrine is Being Challenged in the General Assembly
War crimes, genocide, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity---what can be done about these abuses?  In 2005, 150 world leaders thought they had the answer.  At that time the UN enacted the doctrine of “Responsibility to Protect:” (R2P), which provided for intervention in countries where such abuses continue unabated.

Recently the President of the UN General Assembly, Reverend Miguel Brockmann, strongly objected to the R2P doctrine.  Brockmann, a Catholic priest from Nicaragua, described the doctrine as “redecorated colonialism.”  Brockmann suggested that the best way to eliminate human rights abuses such as genocide was to reform the world financial market and the Security Council.  Moreover, he cited the teaching of Jesus as a solution, saying “Jesus’ emphasis on redistribution of wealth to the poor and on nonviolence reinforces the right perspective on responsibility to protect.”
Many developing countries agree with Brockmann’s position.  They view the doctrine as a “cover to legitimize armed interference by rich Western powers in the affairs of poor countries.”  Indeed, Russia  cited the R2P doctrine as justification for rolling tanks into South Ossetia last summer.  And Tony Blair used it on one occasion for justifying (retroactively) the invasion of Iraq.

What are implications of this resistance to the “Responsibility to Protect” doctrine?  A number of countries might sign on to a UN resolution “diluting the commitment to R2P.”  These could include India, Pakistan, Cuba, Sudan, Venezuela, and Egypt.  The issue is clouded by the continued resentment by countries who feel “left out” of the exclusive club of the UN Security Council.   Efforts to reform the membership of the Council have failed, widening the chasm between a General Assembly perceived as representing poor, weak countries, and a Council on which the victors of the second world war have a disproportionate say.  And under the terms of the current UN charter, the Security Council is the most important “arbiter of war and peace.”
Source: Neil MacFarquhar, The New York Times, July 23, 2009 and The Economist, July 23, 2009

US Moves to Ease Sanctions Against Syria
This week the Obama administration announced it was taking steps to ease American sanctions against Syria on a “case-by-case” basis.  Meeting with Syrian President as-Assad in Damascus, Middle East envoy George Mitchell  said the US would expedite individual exemptions to the sanctions.  This move represents a change in how the US would approach requests by companies for waivers to sell goods to Syria.

In June, the administration indicated that it would send an ambassador to Syria, the first since 2005.  These actions are part of a strategy to persuade Syria to move away from its alliances with Islamic militant groups, and Iran in particular.  The US is seeking greater cooperation from Syria in securing its border with Iraq against insurgent traffic. Congress would need to approve changes in the sanctions, which may not be easy. One conservative Representative stated that she was “deeply troubled that the US would make unilateral concessions to the Syrian regime.”
Source: Sharon Otterman, The New York Times, July 29, 2009

The UN Strives to Implement “Successful Peacebuilding”
 Once the conflict is over in a war-ravaged area like Sierra Leone, the UN must turn its attention to reconciliation, justice, reform, and investment. These are the elements that must be put in place for peace to last.  Recently the Security Council discussed how to improve the process of  “peacebuilding.”
The following priorities emerged from this discussion:

• A strong leader is needed to stop turf wars among the international agencies;
• Funding for peacebuilding must be timely to ensure progress;
• Effective UN administrators are needed to help run the country and train their replacements.

Currently, the UN is seeking talented foreign judges, police, and bureaucrats to take on the challenges of peacebuilding.           
The Economist, July 23, 2009

The US Relies on its Airbase in Kyrgyzstan and Chooses to Overlook Human Rights Abuses
Over the last year many opposition politicians and journalists have been arrested, attacked, and even killed by supporters of the President Bakiyev in Kyrgyzstan.  President Bakiyev has consolidated power in a run-up to a recent election.
In June, President Obama sent a letter to Mr. Bakiyev praising his role in Afghanistan and the country’s campaign against terrorism.   The administration succeeded in convincing the Kyrgzstan president to allow the US to use its air base, a vital link in the war in Afghanistan.   Last February, Mr. Bakiyey had vowed to close the air base.
An opposition leader in the recent presidential election in Kyrgzstan noted , “This regime clearly understands that for the US, democracy is not a priority, freedom of speech is not a priority.  They (the US) want peace, stability, air bases and regional security connected with Afghanistan.”
International human rights groups are appalled at events in Kyrgyzstan.  One activist stated, “President Bakiyev has become infamous for even greater levels of corruption, authoritarianism, and ineffective economic policies than his predecessor.”
Clifford Levy, The New York Times, July 23, 2009

Turmoil in Iran May Negatively Impact Hezbollah
Founded in 1982 with Iranian help, Hezbollah is the only organization outside Iran that subscribes to its ideology of theocratic leadership.  Hezbollah receives funding from Iran and occasionally seeks guidance from the “supreme leader’ on important political issues.
The degree to which turmoil in Iran will diminish Hezbollah remains to be played out.  A religious endowment in Iran known as “Bonyads” is a source of significant funding for Hezbollah.  Any changes in Iran’s political structure could affect Hezbollah’s influence in Lebanon and in the middle east in general.
A representative of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace remarked recently, “Hezbollah is now in the awkward position of being a resistance group purportedly fighting injustice while simultaneously cashing checks from an Iranian patron that is brutally suppressing justice at home.”
Source: Nicholas Blanford, Christian Science Monitor, July 20, 2009
                                               
US Negotiates Increased Military Operations in Colombia; Venezuela and Others Protest
The US plans to increase its military presence on at least three military bases in Colombia, much to the anger of many of Colombia’s neighbors.  Hugo Chavez called the plan a platform for “new aggression against us.”  The US plan comes after Ecuador ended a 10-year agreement allowing American surveillance planes to operate from an air base on Ecuador’s Pacific Coast. The US currently has about 250 military personnel in Colombia who serve as advisors in the country’s long war against guerrillas. Although Colombia has very testy relations with Venezuela, the two countries continue to depend on each other for vital resources.  Venezuela relies on imports of Colombian natural gas.
Source: Simon Romero, The New York Times, July 23, 2009

Over 1 Million Afghan Children are Main Breadwinners
To help feed their families, more than 1 million children in Afghanistan are the main breadwinners.  The country’s deputy minister of social affairs cited poverty, poor security, lack of education and returning refugees as the main causes of this problem.   Children work in shops and restaurants as well as in mechanical workshops and factories.  Most Afghans live on an estimated $2 a day; unemployment is about 40 percent.
Source: Hamid Shalizi, Reuters AlertNet, July 22, 2009

In Gaza, Hamas Shifts from Launching Rockets to Developing “Cultural Resistance”
Hamas has suspended its launching of rockets on Israel and has shifted to winning support through cultural initiatives and public relations. Hamas leaders intend to continue pressing allegations that Israel is guilty of using disproportionate force in its 3-week military campaign seven months ago. Hamas has engaged the services of a literature professor at the Islamic University to promote its “cultural resistance.”  A recent product of this campaign is a film extolling the virtues of Emad Akel, a commander of the Hamas military who was killed by Israel in 1993.
Source:  Ethan Bronner, The New York Times, July 24, 2009

Ban Urges Iraq and Kuwait to Continue Reparations Discussion
Iraq has requested that it be allowed to reduce its war reparation payments to Kuwait that stem from Iraq’s 1990-1991 occupation of Kuwait.  In a report to the Security Council, Ban Ki-moon urged both countries to “actively discuss alternative solutions to the issue of outstanding compensation and debt payments.”
Iraq considers the reparations an unfair burden and wants the percentage reduced, thereby freeing up more money for reconstruction and development.
Iraq still owes $24 billion in reparations to Kuwait.
Source: Louis Charbonneau, Reuters AlertNet, July 27, 2009

April and May 2009

Oil Industry Being Tried for Human Rights Abuses
Royal Dutch Shell will soon be tried in federal court in New York in connection with the death of a Nigerian activist. Scheduled to begin on May 27th, the trial will examine allegations that Shell asked the formed Nigerian regime for help in silencing Ken Saro-Wiwa, a Nigerian author and activist.  Shell is also alleged to have paid soldiers who committed human rights abuses in the Niger Delta where it operated.

The upcoming trial is one of a series of cases aimed at some of the world’s biggest oil companies.  The companies are being sued for environmental damage, collusion with repressive governments, and involvement with human rights abuses.

Other companies being targeted for abuses are Chevron and Exxon Mobil.  Ecuador is alleging that Chevron is responsible for polluting the jungle to the tune of a $27 billion liability.  Exxon Mobil, in the meantime, is being sued by Indonesian villagers from Aceh. The villagers allege that soldiers hired to guard an Exxon Mobil natural gas plant abused human rights.

It is heartening to note that over the last 10 years oil companies have been under increasing pressure to adhere to strict behavior standards when they work in countries with poor human rights records.
Source: Jad Mouawad, New York Times, May 22, 2009

UN Seeks Help For Pakistanis Displaced by Fighting in
Northwest Pakistan
The UN is appealing for $543 million to assist the over 2 million people in the north west region of Pakistan where military offensives have inflicted “incredible suffering” on the civilian population.  Warning of an extensive humanitarian crisis, the UN wants the money to be spent on 165 projects that will be run by UN agencies and aid groups.  The focus of these projects will be on providing emergency shelter, food, health services and education.
Source:  Reuters, May 22, 2009

Good News from Colombia: Coca Production is Falling
After over a decade of failed policy in which coca plants have been eradicated only to sprout up in nearby areas, Colombia’s government is finally achieving some success in reducing coca and squashing narco-terrorists. The program that has contributed to this success consists of a massive “state-building efforts designed to incorporate areas into the legitimate economy by bringing in police and courts, paving roads, improving schools, and offering farm aid.”  So far the southern state of Meta (slightly larger than Rhode Island), has seen the coca production fall 75 percent.  And the amount of land now dedicated to the top three “legal” crops in Meta has grown six fold from last year.  (Meta, by the way, is the heartland of “FARC,” the rebel group that has warred with the government of Columbia for 44 years.)

One former coca farmer was quoted, “I see a big change in the last couple of years, 100 percent favorable to us.  The region where I have my farm is much better, much calmer.”

Colombian authorities are focusing on replicating this program in five other drug-infested regions in the country. The director of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime in Bogota says that the remarkable reduction in coca production has “little precedent in Colombia and in the world.”
Source: Juan Forero, The Washington Post, May 22, 2009

UN Appoints Bill Clinton Special Envoy to Haiti
Two months ago Bill Clinton visited Haiti with Ban Ki-moon with the objective of bringing the world’s attention to the difficulties Haiti is facing in rebuilding after a serious of crippling tropical storms.  More than $1 billion in damage and nearly 800 deaths resulted from these storms. 
Last week the UN Secretary General named Bill Clinton as special envoy to Haiti on behalf of the UN.  Mr Clinton is expected to play a critical role in encouraging international aid for the beleaguered Caribbean nation. The former US president is optimistic about improving conditions in Haiti, saying “I believe Haiti is better positioned to make progress for all its people than at any time since I first visited in 1978.”
Source:  Jacqueline Charles, The Miami Herald, May 19, 2009

The New US Ambassador to England:  Political Payoff Still Trumps Foreign Affairs Experience
And we thought that President Obama was ushering in a new era of diplomacy and professionalism!  Not so with his selection of Louis Susman as ambassador to the United Kingdom.  Mr. Susman, a lawyer and strong financial backer of Obama, is a creature of the combative Chicago political machine. Nicknamed “the vacuum cleaner,” by the Chicago Tribune for his ability to “hoover up” campaign funding, Louis Susman will reside in Winfield House in Regent’s Park, a magnificent mansion.

Over the last five months, a number of career diplomats have urged Obama to cease the practice of rewarding political supporters by granting them ambassadorial posts in coveted locations.  One diplomat noted ruefully, “You would think with our most important ally (England) that we might occasionally send someone with some experience.
Source:  Ewen MacAskill, The Guardian, May 20, 2009

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Prods Myanmar over Trial of Opposition Leader
In a departure from its typical “hands off” attitude with regard to activities in Myanmar, ASEAN has urged the Junta to treat opposition leader Suu Kyi humanely during her trial.  China and India, however, have kept silent on the matter.  Ms. Kyi has been detained by the Junta for 13 of the past 19 years.  Recently she has been accused of breaking the terms of her house arrest.
In the meantime, India and China are wooing the Junta with the objective of benefiting from Myanmar’s gas, timber, and mineral wealth. 
Source: Aung Hla Tun, Reuters, May 19, 2009

UN Seeking New Revenue Sources During Global Economic Crisis
The UN is seeking novel ways to raise revenue to fight malaria, TB and AIDS.  Joining in the effort to do this is former US President Bill Clinton, who notes, “If you provide a user-friendly, efficient way of giving, the contributors will use the system.  There’s no question that large numbers of people will contribute if they know how little it costs and how many lives are saved.”

Mr. Clinton is working with a newly formed group: “Leading Innovative Financing for Equity,” or LIFE.  This entity is comprised of eight different groups that are raising money to finance health aid.
One organization in “LIFE” is Unitaid, a Geneva organization founded in 2006.  Unitaid has raised more than $900 million to buy medications in high volume with the objective of negotiating low prices.
Source: Doreen Carvajal, New York Times, May 21, 2009

Ban on Exports of Most Cluster Bombs is Now Law
In March, as part of the Omnibus Spending Package, President Obama enacted a permanent ban on US exports of most cluster bombs.  These are bombs that scatter small sub  munitions that often explode long after the bomb itself has been detonated.  This provision of HR 1105 would outlaw exports of cluster bombs unless they leave behind 1% or less of their sub munitions as “duds.”
Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont deserves the credit for inserting this provision into the Omnibus bill. He noted that this ban is “an important step for the US.  It reinforces the efforts of other countries to stop the carnage caused by cluster munitions.”
Source:  John Donnelly, CQ Politics, March 11, 2009

Is Aid Bad for Africa?? The Author of “Dead Aid” Says Yes!
Zambian economist Dambisa Moyo, a graduate of Harvard and Oxford, postulates that financial aid is bad for Africa and for Africans.  She believes that aid keeps Africa in a “supplicant’s” role at a time when its governments need to become self sufficient.  In addition, she suggests that within 10 years, all foreign aid to Africa should terminate.

Ms. Moyo recommends bond issues, trade, and foreign investment as the more suitable means for advancing Africa’s development.
Source: Lisa Miller, Newsweek, March 30, 2009

Delegates to the World Water Forum Ask “Is Access to Clean Water a Basic Human Right?”
About 30 countries have a constitutional of legal provision ensuring individuals’ access to water.  However, the US, Canada, China and several other nations have so far refused to recognize the human right to water.  They consider access to water a “basic need” rather than a human right.  One of the issues that concerns some countries is whether enshrining a universal right to water would force them to share their water resources with other nations.

An estimated 1 billion people in the world lack access to safe drinking water.  UN officials warn that unless we change our water consumption
Habits, the world will face a major deficiency of fresh water.

By declaring water to be a “basic human right” countries would be giving their citizens the means to take legal action if their water supply were cut off.  A UN adviser on water issues notes that “It’s not the market that should decide who has access to water. It should be a public trust and a public right.”

February 2009

Fatah and Hamas are Engaged in Reconciliation Discussions
With the encouragement of the United States, the Palestinian groups Fatah and Hamas recently began talks aimed at restoring a power-sharing arrangement.  There are questions as to the degree to which Hamas would consider (1) lightening up on its strong political control over Gaza or (2) ceasing its aggression toward Israel. Egypt is eager to see Hamas and Fatah resolve their differences, with the hope that it can reopen its crossing with Gaza. The structure of security services is a particular problem since the Fatah forces and Hamas armed services have a history of altercations.

Israel’s designated prime minister Netanyahu, a self-acknowledged hawk, opposes dealing with a Palestinian government that includes Hamas. Source: El-Hennawy and Richard Broudreaux, LA Times, February 27, 2009

Pakistan Opposes Drone Strikes
In the last year about 80 Al Queda fighters have been killed by air strikes.  However, the public opposes the drone attacks because of the civilian casualties they have caused.

Pakistani officials have informed American leaders that Al Queda in Pakistan continues to renew its strength by bringing in very hard-core militants who are more vicious than their predecessors.  Moreover, Al Qaeda has increasingly vacated their training sites and shifted to mobile training teams.

The Pakistani military has paid a high price in its battle against Al Queda. In the last 8 years nearly 1,600 of its troops have been killed and more than 3,700 wounded. Recent Al Queda recruits include those from Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Somalia, and Uzbekistan. Source: Eric Schmitt and Jane Perlez, NY Times, Feb. 25, 2009

Bosnian Serbs Again Threaten Independence
Once again, Bosnian Serb leaders are pushing for independence from Bosnia and Herzegovina.  A Bosnian specialist expressed concern that the West has been preoccupied by the global financial crisis and has ignored the warning signs in Bosnia.  He noted “The US and European Union must engage, not just for the sake of Bosnia but because the world can’t afford to allow what happened the last time.”

The crisis began recently when Bosnia’s state police agency alleged corruption, fraud and misuse of finances perpetrated by the Serb Republic’s prime minister, Milorad Dodic.  In vigorously disputing this allegation, Mr. Dodic suggested that the charges had probably been
“cooked up” by the deputy UN high representative in Bosnia, Raffi Gregorian.  

In spite of this turmoil, Western diplomats have assessed that violence is unlikely to result.  Observers note that secession is not a good option for the Bosnian prime minister since it would result in aligning the Serb Republic with Serbia or Russia.  Either association would weaken the political power of the Serbian prime minister.  Few leaders like that option! Source: Dan Bilefsky, The NY Times, February 26, 2009

Justice is Served in Sierra Leone
Three rebel commanders from Sierra Leone’s civil war have been found guilty of crimes against humanity, including ordering mutilation of civilians and recruitment of child soldiers.  Between 1991 and 2002, almost half a million Sierra Leone citizens were killed or mutilated.  This is a significant decision by the international tribunal at a time when Sudan’s president al-Bashir may be soon be arrested for abuses and former Liberian dictator Charles Taylor is currently on trial.

 An international analyst observed that this verdict “sends a very clear message to warlords, not just in Africa, but all over the world who are doing this sort of crime.”

Source: Scott Baldauf, The Christian Science Monitor, February 27, 2009

China “Cracks Down” on Human Rights Lawyers
A Beijing human rights law firm (Yitong partnership) has been ordered to suspend its law practice for six months as “punishment” for its support of several high-profile political activists.  The managing partner of the firm has appealed, but few observers believe that the decision will be overturned.

The targeted law firm has represented some of China’s most famous dissidents and has also represented ordinary citizens who allege that they have been mistreated by the authorities.  In 2005, another law firm was closed by the government.  The firm’s manager, Gao Zhisheng was taken from his family home recently and has not been seen since.

One Chinese human rights lawyer noted that in China “lawyers are treated as subservient to the system.  Any who are not obedient run the risk of being penalized.” Source: Peter Ford, The Christian Science Monitor, February 25, 2009

Lebanese Generals Linked to Killing of Former Lebanese Prime Minister Hariri to be Handed over to the Hague Tribunal
After being in custody for over three years since the assassination of prime minister Hariri, four Lebanese generals are expected to be handed over to the special tribunal at the Hague.  There is evidence that Syrian and Lebanese intelligence services are implicated in the assassination according to the UN chief investigator.

In an effort to encourage witnesses to provide evidence, the Tribunal will develop a witness protection program.  The impending trial will get under way at a sensitive political time: elections in June.  The contending parties in the election are an anti-Syrian coalition government and an alliance headed by the militant group Hezbollah. Source: David Charter, Times Online, February 24, 2009

Human Rights Watch Urges Syria to Eliminate “Special Court”
Human Rights Watch has called on Syria to abolish its Supreme State Security Court, a court founded in the late 1960’s with the objective of stifling government opposition.  According to the human rights group, the Syrian court “consistently ignores claims by defendants that their confessions were extracted under torture and frequently convicts them on vague and overbroad offenses that essentially criminalize freedom of expression and association.”

A Syrian human rights organization applauded the recommendations of Human Rights Watch.  One critic noted “This is an illegitimate court, and we have been asking for its abolition for years.”  Source:  Alia Ibrahim, The Washington Post, February 25, 2009

Will It Take Radical Geoengineering to Combat Climate Change?
Geoengineering, as it relates to the climate, refers to attempts to modify the climate by such schemes as planting trees or more exotic measures such as placing mirrors in orbit between Earth and the sun. The objective is to divert solar energy away from Earth or suck carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere to reduce the greenhouse effect.

Many scientists believe efforts to cut global carbon emissions have been too little and too late for us to escape the greenhouse effect, therefore requiring more dramatic measures such as geoengineering. On the social and political side, however, there would no doubt be resistance to such efforts.  As noted by an environmental lawyer, tampering with the atmosphere could benefit some parts of the globe and wreak havoc in other areas.

Here’s where the UN comes in.  Would the UN be willing to take on the challenge of regulating geoengineering?   An interesting question to ponder!! Source:  Catherine Brahic, New Scientist, February 25, 2009

January 2009

Obama Reverses “Global Gag Rule” on Abortion
The “gag rule” disallowed any US government support for any
organization that provided or even advised women about abortion.  Here is a brief history of this rule:

• Enacted by the Reagan administration at a UN conference on women and development in Mexico City in 1984.
• In 1993, this rule was rescinded by President Clinton;
• In 2001, the rule was reimposed by President George W. Bush;
• President George W. Bush also cut off American assistance to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA), the major family planning provider in the world.  As a result of this action, the Fund lost about $250 million in US aid since 2002.
• On January 23, 2009, President Barack Obama rescinded the global gag rule.

It is estimated that the lives of more than 80,000 women and more than 2.5 million children might have been saved if the US aid for abortion programs had been available over the last 8 years. UNFPA argues that high fertility lowers capital income, reduces educational achievement, and creates a generation of poorly educated, unemployable young people who have no hope for the future.
Source: The Nation, Barbara Crossette, January 25, 2009

Millenium Goals for Reducing Hunger Being Undermined
Efforts to meet the Millennium Development Goals on poverty and hunger are being undermined.  The worldwide economic crisis has complicated and intensified the food shortages.
Here are some examples of the challenges:

• There is less money to invest in new businesses and a reduction in foreign investment. The money sent home by those working abroad has diminished.
• The volume of world trade is expected to shrink for the first time in over 25 years, contributing to shrinkage in growth in developing countries.
• Export bans of food grains threaten the poor.

The number of people who go to bed hungry is fast approaching a billion, according to a the Global Call to Action against Poverty.
Source:  David Loyn, BBC News, January 26, 2009

US Focus in Afghanistan Shifts to Fighting Insurgents
Departing from the Bush policy of both development and fighting terrorists in Afghanistan, the Obama administration will focus exclusively on waging war against the Taliban.   The US will leave economic development and nation building activities to European allies.

The administration will pressure President Hamid Karzai to reduce corruption in his government and control the raging drug trade.  In addition, the administration will seek alliances with provincial leaders as an alternative to focusing attention only on the central government.

Defense Secretary Gates concurs with these changes in strategy.  Appearing before Congress earlier this week, Mr. Gates noted that previous goals for Afghanistan had been “too broad and too far into the future.”  In addition, Secretary Gates observed that the administration’s primary goal should be “to prevent Afghanistan from being used as a base for terrorists and extremists to attack the US and our allies.”

President Karzai is facing re-election this year.  Interestingly, one of his challengers may be Zalmay Khalilzad, an Afghan-American and former US ambassador to the UN.
Source: Cooper and Shanker, The New York Times, Jan. 28, 2009

Russia Abandons Plan to Aim Missiles at Europe
In response to signs that the Obama administration is backing away from the Bush plan for an anti-missile shield in Poland and the Czech Republic, Russia has called off its plan to point missiles at Europe from its enclave of Kaliningrad. 

President Medvedev of Russia changed the plans to deploy missiles to Kaliningrad two days after he spoke with Obama.  It is clear that President Obama reached out to his Russian colleague in a conciliatory manner.
Source:  Doyle and Walker, The Independent, January 29, 2009

UN Humanitarian Affairs Chief Blasts Hamas and Israel
UN Humanitarian Affairs Chief John Holmes blasted Hamas for its “cynical use of civilian facilities during hostilities in Gaza.”  He also criticized Israel for firing on UN facilities, which resulted in the deaths of 50 people.  Holmes urged Israel to respect the relevant provisions of international humanitarian law.
Source: Haaretz: Israel News, January 30, 2009

UN Forces Will Support Hunt for Congo Militia
A military operation is currently underway in the Congo aimed at disarming Rwandan Hutu militias.  These are the militias that were involved in the tragic 1994 genocide against Tutsis and moderate Hutus.  Following the genocide, the militias fled across the border. The UN will provide logistical support to a joint force of Congolese and Rwandan government soldiers hunting down these Hutu militias.
Source: Franz Wild, Bloomberg.com, January 30, 2009

North Korea Scraps Accords with South Korea
According to a recent North Korean statement, “all the agreed points concerning the issue of putting an end to the political and military confrontation between the North and the South will be nullified.” The accords to be nullified include a 1991 agreement on reconciliation and non-aggression.  North Korea also called the 1953 armistice that ended the Korean War “a useless piece of paper.”

One South Korean diplomat hypothesized that these “saber-rattling” actions are focused on gaining attention from the new Obama administration.  Other analysts think that North Korea is attempting to drive a wedge between the US and South Korea. The potential for a limited border skirmish by North Korea is increasing.
Source:  Choe Sang-Hun, NY Times, January 30, 2009

New US Ambassador to the UN Supports Concept of “Responsibility to Protect”
In her first appearance before the UN Security Council, UN Ambassador Susan Rice stated that the US takes “the responsibility to protect” very seriously.  Her statement is significant, since there has been some disagreement among some members of the UN concerning this issue. Ms. Rice stressed that the US would try to strengthen protections for civilians in conflict zones.  In addition, she was supportive of the International Criminal Court, even though the US in the past decade refused to join it.
Source: John Heilprin, Associated Press, January 30, 2009

Prepared by Gail Karpinski Cornell, UNA-SF Advocacy Chair,
January 31, 2009

December 2008          

Obama Nominates Susan Rice as America’s Ambassador to the UN in the New Administration
Dr. Rice, nominated as the new ambassador to the UN from the United States, would bring extensive diplomatic experience to the position.  Specifically, she has a strong interest in the challenges facing Africa, as well as an in-depth understanding of the inner workings of the UN.
Dr. Rice is expected to greatly enhance the relationship between the United States and the UN.  If she succeeds in this objective, her efforts could improve the UN’s approach to global security issues.
Source:  UNA-USA E-News, December 1, 2008

UN Celebrates 60th Anniversary of Universal Declaration of Human Rights
On December 10th, we celebrated the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. When adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948, the Declaration was recognized as the first universal statement of core values of individual human rights.
In a recent discussion in The Guardian, Kenneth Roth explores the question of why the Declaration is still important in spite of continuing human rights violations in the world.  He cites the development of a diverse and energetic human rights movement in every corner of the world.

Mr. Roth describes various ways in which the human rights movement has pressured abusive governments to avoid violating human rights. These include:

• Shaming governments by exposing their abuses to the public.
• Exerting intense diplomatic pressure on abusive governments.
• Helping to prosecute individual offenders by providing evidence, expert testimony, and political support in such venues as the International Criminal Court.
• Convincing the world to bring military force against perpetrators.

Mr. Roth notes that none of these actions guarantees that human rights violations will cease.  However, such actions may cause abusive governments to pay a high price for their action. 
Source:  Kenneth Roth, The Guardian, December 10, 2008
           
Experts Charge that UN Peacekeeping “at the Breaking Point.”
The UN currently manages 18 peacekeeping operations in five continents with 75,000 military deployed.  This is second in size only to the US.  Most of the peacekeepers are from developing countries and often have exhibited inappropriate behavior.
According to Alain Le Roy, director of UN peacekeeping operations,
 “At the level of the (Security) Council, the political consensus that provides the ‘fuel’ for an operation is often strained….At the regional and national level, political support is often hard to come by, and strong countervailing winds are working against many operations.”

Mr. Le Roy also noted that UN peacekeeping operations are often the most critical support for weak governments. He stated, “Millions depend on UN peace operations as the main bulwark between state collapse and hopes for peace.”  It remains to be seen whether the Security Council members will commit themselves to supporting the peacekeeping efforts by providing sufficient resources necessary to cope with the complex security issues confronting the UN. 
Source: Mark Turner, UNA-USA E-News and the Business Council for the UN, December 10, 2008

US Efforts to Prosecute Khmer Rouge Killers Continue
Thirty years after the Khmer Rouge engaged in a blood bath that resulted in the deaths of about 2 million people in Cambodia, the US is pledging $1.8 million to the Tribunal that is charged with bringing the leaders of the regime to justice.  Over the years the Tribunal has become bogged down in corruption and legal obstacles.

With Hilary Clinton as Secretary of State and with the support of Congress, concerned observers are hopeful that the Khmer Rouge killers will be successfully prosecuted.
Source: Barbara Crossette, UNA-USA E-News, December 10, 2008

President of the UN General Assembly Has Ambitious Plan
President of the UN General Assembly d’Escoto Brockmann wants to empower the Assembly, which has always been considered an unwieldy body that has little influence.  One of the Assembly’s responsibilities under the UN Charter is policy making, which has been essentially absent in the body’s output.
Historically there has been a contentious interaction between the Security Council and the General Assembly.  The Assembly’s efforts to oversee the Council’s activities have been frustrated by a lack of transparency by the Council.
The current President of the Assembly has aggressively sought to implement efficiencies in the body.  One effective reform calls for limiting debate of any speaker 15 minutes.  In addition, the number of agenda items considered by the Assembly has been dramatically reduced and an efficient delegation of issues has implemented.
Source:  Arnav Chakvaraty, UNA-USA E-News, December 10, 2008

Prepared by Gail Karpinski Cornell, UNA-SF Advocacy Chair,
December 11, 2008

October 2008

UN Peacekeepers Overpowered in the Congo
Rebel forces led by general Nkunda and a force of over 5000 mostly Tutsi fighters  have overpowered UN peacekeepers in the Congo.  The UN had brokered a cease fire in January 2008, but it has collapsed, leaving tens of thousands of civilians homeless.

Residents in the eastern Congo are enraged at the UN for failing to protect them from the rebel forces.  Angry crowds descended on UN offices and hurled rocks at the building.
The rebels claim that they are fighting to protect minority Tutsis from a Rwandan Hutu militia that had escaped to the Congo after the 1994 genocide.  Half a million Tutsis were killed in the 1994 catastrophe.

In contrast to the rebel army, the Congo (government) army is “disjointed, undisciplined, and poorly paid.” Some analysts estimate that more than 5 million people in the Congo have died over the past 12 years, mainly from hunger, disease and other stresses caused by armed conflict.
Source: Associated Press, Michelle Faul, October 28, 2008

Bill Clinton Criticizes Food Aid Policy at a UN Meeting
In an event commemorating World Food Day (October 16), Bill Clinton told a UN gathering that the US and others have contributed to food shortages worldwide.  Clinton criticized the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and others for promoting policies that gave cash donations instead of subsidies for fertilizer, improved seed and other farm needs.  As a result, Africa’s food independence diminished and food imports increased.

Clinton argued that “Food is not a commodity like others.  We should go back to a policy of maximum food self-sufficiency.  It is crazy for us to think we can develop countries around the world without increasing their ability to feed themselves.”

He also took issue with the heavy US reliance on corn to produce ethanol, thereby increasing demand for corn and contributing to higher grain prices worldwide.

Ban Ki-moon contributed to the discussion, noting that “While the international community is focused on turmoil in the global economy, I am extremely concerned that no enough is being done to help those who are suffering most: the poorest of the poor.”
Source: The Associated Press, October 26, 2008

How Kashmir Celebrated UN Day
A separatist strike marked UN day in Indian-dominated  Kashmir.  The leader of the separatist  party said the purpose of the strike was to “remind the UN that the dispute over the Kashmir region remains unresolved after six decades.”

Separatist groups want to see a UN resolution calling for a referendum in Kashmir to be implemented.  If this does not happen, separatists want the dispute to be resolved through a “tripartite dialogue among India, Pakistan and the representatives of Kashmiri people.”
Source:  BBC News, October 26, 2008

Funding for Millenium Development Goals Jeopardized by the International Banking Crisis
Ban Ki-moon recently expressed grave concerns about the ability to meet financial goals for development given the international banking crisis.  The President of the World Bank has asked that richer nations factor in the needs of the poor when they are considering rescue packages.  Those agencies within the UN system that are completely dependent on voluntary donations such as UNICEF, the World Food Program, and the Population Fund are particularly vulnerable in the current financial environment.
Source:  UNA-USA Website, Barbara Crossette, October 20, 2008

Pakistan Considering $15 Billion Support Package from the IMF and other Donors
Pakistan is in informal discussions with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other organizations to obtain a $10billion to $15billion support package.  The objective is to stabilize Pakistan’s economy and avoid a balance of payments crisis.  The IMF would require Pakistan to modify elements of its monetary policy as a condition of a loan.
To date, Pakistan has dramatically reduced domestic subsidies on fuel
and the country intends to stop borrowing from its central bank.
Source: Financial Times, October 21, 2008

Women Ranging in Age from 6 to 74 Victimized by Rape in Congo
We have reported before on the issue of rape as a weapon of war.
Rape is used in the Congo as a tactic to demoralize the population, both women and men.  It is not only the rebels who are perpetrators; Congolese soldiers are often involved.  Yet the Congolese government has done nothing to address the issue.
The author of the “Vagina Monologues” has created an organization that is a partner of UNICEF to help victims of rape.  She believes that
the conflict in the Congo will not end “until foreign governments who
benefit from Congolese resources face pressure to cease the fighting and withdraw the troops.”
Globe and Mail, Stephanie Nolen, October 20, 2008

UN Secretary General Speaks Out on Human Rights Abuses in Iran
In a recent report to all 192 UN member states, Ban Ki-moon expressed concern about human rights abuses in Iran.  He urged Iran to cease discrimination against women and minorities.  He noted that there have been cases of stoning and public execution despite efforts to curb these excesses.  In addition, there have been cases of amputation and flogging of prisoners while in custody.
Within the past year there has been an increases crackdown on the women’s rights movement in Iran.
Where is the UN’s Human Rights Council when we need it?
Source: Reuters, Louis Charbonneau, October 20, 2008

UN Urges Indonesia to Stop Imprisoning Drug Users
The UN recently urged Indonesia to treat drug abusers as patients, not criminals.  The UN global coordinator for HIV/AIDs noted that the 28,000 drug users jailed by the government of Indonesia should be in clinics, not in jails.
Up to one quarter of the convicted drug users in Indonesian prisons are thought to have HIV.  The country has one of Asia’s fastest-growing HIV rates.
Source: The Washington Times, October 21, 2008

Barack Obama Acknowledges the Impressive Work of the UN
In a letter written several months ago to Josh Weston of the NY office of the UN, Barack Obama acknowledged the shortcomings of the UN, while also extolling its successes.  He called for the US to provide “bold and effective leadership to reinvigorate the UN so it finally achieve the potential that (President Franklin D.) Roosevelt envisioned and upon which our common security and common humanity depend.”

Prepared by Gail Karpinski Cornell, UNA-SF Advocacy Chair,
October 29, 2008

September 2008

As Problems Mount in Pakistan, a New Leader Takes Office
Asi Zardari (the widower of Benazir Bhutto) will become president of Pakistan on September 13th despite a history of corruption allegations and perceived untested governing skills.  Of great concern is the degree to which he will act against the Taliban insurgency.  In addition, there are critics who believe that he may not be able to manage Pakistan’s powerful military and its spy agency, the “Inter-Services Intelligence.”

Pakistan’s economy is faltering; the country’s foreign exchange reserves are very low.  Currently Pakistan has about $6 billion in
reserves, and is spending $2 billion per month of these reserves for oil and food.

The Bush Administration seems willing to work with Mr. Zardari.  They prefer him to his political opponent, Mr. Sharif, whose party, the Pakistan Muslim League-N, would probably be unlikely to move strongly against militants.
Source:  NY Times, Sept 5, 2008. Jane Perlez

NY Times Editorial Criticizes Bush’s Nuclear Deal with India
President Bush has successfully pressured the Nuclear Suppliers Group (which sets rules for nuclear trade) into changing their rules, thereby enabling India to purchase nuclear fuel and technology from nuclear suppliers worldwide. Dismissing warnings that breaking the rules would make it difficult to convince Iran and others to drop their nuclear goals, Mr Bush argued that India is an important democracy and deserves this right.

There are serious implications in this decision.  If India were to test a nuclear weapon, it could bypass American suppliers and buy fuel and technology from “shadowy” sellers.  Moreover, this move is a blow to American companies who must adhere to stringent national rules in selling nuclear fuel and technology.

The Times’ editor recommends that US lawmakers should postpone their approval or disapproval of this deal until the new Congress takes office in January 2009. 
Source: NY Times, Sept. 9, 2008, Editorial Page

UN Reports that Rich Countries are Reneging on Aid Promises   
A recent UN report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) states that the world’s wealthiest countries are reneging on promises to boost development aid.  The objective of the MDGs is to reduce by 50 percent the number of people in the world living on less than $1 per day.
In the 2005 “Group of Eight” (G8) summit, members agreed to provide $50 billion per year to the world’s poorest countries.  Donor countries increased development aid after 2000 (when the UN established the MDGs), but in 2006 and 2007, assistance levels declined by 4.7 and 8.4 percent respectively.

The UN General Assembly will hold a meeting to discuss the development goals in late September.
Source: Reuters, Sept. 4, 2008, Louis Charbonneau

Critics Charge that UN Mission in Burma is a Failure
The Advocacy group “Burma Campaign UK” charges that “the UN mission (in Burma) has been a complete failure.”  The director of this Advocacy group is particularly critical of Mr. Gambari of Nigeria, who has been the UN special envoy in Burma since early 2006.  Over the last two years the number of political prisoners has doubled, ethnic cleansing in eastern Burma has increased, and humanitarian aid for the cyclone victims was blocked.
The Advocacy Group recommends that Mr Gambari be replaced, as does the National League for Democracy, a political group opposed to the junta.
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon is due to visit Burma in December. Critics of the current situation in Burma recommend that Ban Ki-moon should play a key role negotiating with the junta to release political prisoners and improve the human rights situation in the country.
Source: Guardian News and Media, Sept. 9, 2008, Simon Tisdall

 McCain’s “League of Democracies”: A Potential Threat to the UN
John McCain has proposed a “League of Democracies” that could come to the rescue in countries such as Darfur, Georgia, and Myanmar.  Critics charge that such an organization could weaken the UN and antagonize countries such as China and Russia.  They also argue that such an organization would “sow unnecessary discord” between supposed ‘democracies’ and ‘non-democracies’.
Source: WWW.On Day One  September 9, 2008

Legal Experts Call for New UN Laws for Polar Regions
Legal experts believe new UN laws may be needed to regulate new Arctic industries such as oil exploration and shipping as a result of the thawing of the polar regions.  Over the last three days legal experts have met in Iceland to debate the legal needs in the Arctic.  One expert expressed concern over the risk of shipping in the area, in particular the difficulties in cleaning up an oil spill on ice.
The World Wildlife Federation supports the development of a new UN convention to protect the Arctic.
Source: Environmental News Network, Sept. 8, 2008

 Advocacy Letter Supporting Law of the Sea Convention
In June 2008 I sent an e-letter to Senators Boxer and Feinstein in support of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.  Attached to this report is a copy of Senator Boxer’s response to my letter.  The Senator assured me she will work to see that the Senate ratifies this UN Convention in the upcoming legislative session.

Prepared by Gail Karpinski Cornell, UNA-SF Advocacy Chair,
September 10, 2008

June/July 2008
China's Involvement in Darfur No Longer the Key to Resolving the Crisis

In the early years of the 5-year Darfur crisis, the conflict was predominantly a one-sided government campaign against civilians. Over the last year, however, the conflict has become characterized by semi-organized crime and warlords. Instead of two rebel groups, there now are dozens, including Arab militiamen who once sided with the government. In past years, China was criticized for not doing more to intercede with the Sudanese government on behalf of the besieged citizens. China was heavily invested in Sudan's oil and was reluctant to antagonize the Sudanese government.

Some analysts are now saying that intervention by an influential outside power such as China would be ineffectual because command lines on all sides have broken down. Banditry is rampant, becoming the biggest threat to humanitarian groups involved in the relief effort. As of mid June 2008, 140 humanitarian trucks have been carjacked. Of these, 79 belong to the World Food Program.

Between January and May 2008, 51 humanitarian compounds across Darfur were raided by armed men, compared with 23 in the same period the year before.

Joint UN-Africa Union in Darfur in Dire Straits

On July 9th, seven UN-African Union soldiers were killed and 22 were injured after the group was ambushed by a large group of rebel forces. In the words of the Darfur mission's top military commander, "We still have no helicopters. We still have no medium transport. This is not the responsibility (of our organization). This is the responsibility of the whole world."

The mission in Darfur has fewer than half the soldiers promised, broken-down equipment and major obstacles imposed by the Sudanese government. Of the 26,000 police and soldiers that were promised, only about 9,000 are in the field. And these troops are holdovers from the old African Union mission.

US officials and other diplomats have accused Sudanese officials of dragging their feet on approving a list of countries that would contribute troops. The Sudanese government is also said to throw up roadblocks to releasing equipment that is delivered to Port Sudan.

In the pessimistic opinion of the Sudanese military commander, there is no peace to keep in Darfur. The UN/African Union mission may be able to deter attacks, but it cannot create peace. Independent experts say that about 2.5 million people have been driven from their homes in Darfur; an estimated 200,000 have died over the 5-year period of the conflict.

Bush Administration Withholds UNFPA Funding for 7th Consecutive Year

In late June, the Bush Administration advised Congress that it would once again block congressionally appropriated funding for the UN Population Fund (UNFPA). The total amount of funding withheld during the last 7 years is $235 million. The reason for the withholding is the allegation that the UNFPA participates in a program of "coercive abortion or sterilization" in China.

The State Department has investigated the Administration's allegation and found no evidence that UNFPA supports coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization in China. According to "Americans for UNFPA," the $235 million withheld over the last 7 years could have prevented about 294,000 maternal deaths and could have allowed 82 million women to delay their first or next pregnancy.

House and Senate Approve UN Funding

In late June, the Senate passed an emergency supplemental spending bill providing additional funding for the UN budget and for peacekeeping. The bill includes FY 2008 and 2009 funding of $524 million for peacekeeping and $141 million for the regular UN budget assessment.

The approved funding will help reduce the US arrears to the UN, which amounted to $2.4 billion as of March 2008. This includes a portion of 2008's arrears caused by different US and UN fiscal calendars. The UN funding bill, approved by the House in mid June, will be sent to the President for signature.

US Urges UN Sanctions on Zimbabwe

In early July, the US formally proposed UN Security Council sanctions on Zimbabwe, including an international arms embargo and punitive measures against those individuals considered most responsible for fostering violence prior to the presidential election.

The resolution may be brought to a vote before mid July. The passage of this resolution is not guaranteed, although the US claims to have 9 of the 15 votes required to approve the resolution. China or Russia could still veto it.

The European Union has gone on record that it will seek "all possible sanctions" against Zimbabwe and Mugabe. Among African nations, both Nigeria and Boswana have criticized the election process.

G8 Summit Focuses on Rising Food and Fuel Prices

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon urged the G8 to address "the interconnected challenges" of rising food prices, development, and climate change. He also encouraged donor nations to keep their promises to help poorer countries meet the UN Millenium Development Goals.

The European Commission President noted that a $1.6 billion fund to help poor farmers in developing countries would come from unused European subsidies. This fund would serve as a "safety net" for the most vulnerable.

Iran's Foreign Minister Says Tehran Will Consider an Offer from the European Union

In mid June, the European Union (EU) presented Iran with a proposal of incentives intended to resolve the impasse over Iran's nuclear program. The proposal apparently offers Iran political, economic, and security rewards if it "verifiably suspends its enrichment-related and reprocessing activities." Iran's Foreign Minister Mottaki responded that Iran is willing to open comprehensive negotiations with the EU's foreign policy chief, Javier Solana. Plans call for the negotiations to commence before the end of July.

Iran's response to the EU's offer included critical remarks about the world powers. It also called the UN Security Council sanctions illegal.

UNA-USA Signs NGO Letter Urging Banning of Cluster Munitions

In June, UNA-USA joined 30 other organizations urging the banning of cluster munitions. The request, which was sent to the Senate and the House, urged members to co-sponsor the "Cluster Munitions Civilian Protection Act of 2007." The joint resolution calls upon the Bush Administration to sign the "Convention on Cluster Munitions" a treaty signed by 111 countries in May 2008.

Cluster munitions are bombs, rockets and artillery shells that disperse smaller "sub-munitions" over wide areas. Many of these munitions don't explode initially, thereby posing serious threats to anyone who might later disturb them. Children are often victims of these unexploded munitions.

The US has an alarming 700 million sub-munitions stockpiled, most of which do not meet Department of Defense purchasing standards.

The Bush Administration does not support the international treaty on cluster munitions. However, if the US does not sign the treaty, it will be the object of widespread international disapproval. The United Kingdom, France, Germany and other NATO members have pledged to sign this treaty and to begin destroying their stockpiles.

UN Proposes $10 Billion World Disaster Fund

In a report on the economic impact of world disasters, the UN has proposed a $10 billion global fund to help developing countries deal with natural disasters. According to the report, more than four times as many disasters took place annually between 2000 and 2006 than during the 1970's. The damage costs for the more recent disasters were seven times higher, at an average of $83 billion per year.

A UN official states, "A global disaster mechanism ... needs to be established" that would not only deal with immediate relief needs, but also invest in longer term disaster reduction. The proposals in the report included improved access for developing countries to the International Monetary Fund resourses, a more effective overseas aid mechanism, and a global "new deal" recovery program (similar to the post depression program in the US after the Great Depression).

UNA Joins other NGOs in Asking Congress to Investigate the Administration's Use of "Bilateral Immunity Agreements"

Since mid 2002, the Bush Administration has sought to sign bilateral immunity agreements with many countries, including those that have ratified the International Criminal Court (ICC) treaty. Many nations have refused to sign these agreements because they feel that doing so would reneg on their obligations under the ICC treaty.

The major reason for the agreements is to block Americans from being surrendered to the ICC. The agreements shield private citizens and foreign contractors from the ICC. As a consequence, other countries who have signed these agreements must yield their sovereign right to use the ICC even in cases when Americans commit cirimes on foreign soil. The bilateral agreements can also shield foreign war criminals from the Court's jurisdiction, even if the criminals are in US custody.

NGOs are urging Congress to include text in this year's appropriation bill that "none of the funds made available in this (appropriations) Act under the heading 'Economic Support Fund' shall be restricted based on the relationship between any government and the ICC."

UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Leaves Office after Four Years

Louise Arbour is leaving her post as UN High Commissioner for human rights, receiving accolades from Amnesty International for her energetic efforts during her tenure. Under her leadership the annual budget for this office almost doubled to $100 million.

Ms. Arbour was in Pakistan recently, where she chided President Musharraf and other high-ranking officials about human rights issues, including "disappearances" and the lack of judiciary independence. When she criticized American human rights policies, Congressional staff were affronted and asked her why she was not lecturing to Myanmar instead.

Senator Biden Supports Talks with Iran without "Preconditions"

Disagreeing with a recent Washington Post editorial, Senator Joe Biden, Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, voiced his support for talks with Iran without precondition. Senator Biden claims that high-level European officials involved in nuclear diplomacy with Iran want the US to drop the precondition that Iran suspend its enrichment and reprocessing-related activities before talks could occur.

South American Heads of State Attack EU Immigration Policies

European Union laws that are slated to be in force in 2010 would require an illegal immigrant to be detained for a maximum of 6 months. This period could be extended for a year under certain conditions. The immigrants could face a 5-year ban on re-entry if expelled from the visiting country. Seven South American presidents strongly rejected the proposed EU laws, calling them "shameful, outrageous, and legalized barbarism."

EU to Lift Sanctions on Cuba

In late June, the European Union agreed to lift its diplomatic sanctions against Cuba. At the same time, the EU will require Cuba to release prisoners and improve their human rights policies. Among the features of the agreement are (1) aceess for the Cubans to the Internet, and (2) a "double-track" approach for all EU delegations arriving in Cuba, enabling them to meet both opposition figures and members of the Cuban government.

The US has criticized the EU move.

May 2008

Senate Committee Approves Global Poverty Act

In late April, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee presented the Global Poverty Act of 2007 to the Senate. The bill provides that:
1. The policy of the US is to eradicate extreme poverty and work to achieve the first of the UN Millennium goals;
2.The administration is to develop a strategy to implement this policy, including enhancing and expanding debt relief;
3. The President is to submit reports on the effectiveness of the strategy to appropriate congressional committees;
4. A coordinator is to be designed to oversee the reporting structure.

The Congressional Budget Office estimates the cost of implementing this Act at less than $1 million per year. The Act does not mandate any new foreign aid spending by the US. Senator Obama, one of the sponsors of the bill, commented, "As we strive to rebuild America's standing in the world, this important bill will demonstrate our promise and commitment to those in the developing world."

Russia Signs on to the Iran Sanctions

The UN Security Council imposed a third round of sanctions on Iran for its refusal to suspend sensitive nuclear activities. Russia has finally agreed to support these sanctions after stalling on the issue. The sanctions included restrictions on trade and financial transactions with specified Iranian individuals and companies. It is noteworthy that Russia has been bulding Iran's first nuclear power station in southwest Iran.

Armed Groups in the Congo Still Recruiting Child Fighters

Although rebels and militias in the Congo agreed earlier this year to stop recruting children to fight, there are continued reports of this practice. The spokesman for the Congo's UN peacekeeping mission noted that armed groups have flouted their obligations to respect human rights and stop using child soldiers.

In early May, the International Criminal Court (ICC) announced its intent to arrest Congolese warlord Ntaganda for conscripting children in a bloody ethnic conflict.

UN Denounces Intense Level of Violence in Zimbabwe

The UN's representative in Zimbabwe warned of intensifying violence in Zimbabwe in the lead up to a presidential run-off. He noted that most of the violence has been directed against the followers of the party opposing incumbent President Mugabe.

Mugagbe's adversary, Morgan Tsvangirai, is preparing to return to Zimbabwe for the run-off election amid concern over his safety.

UN Task Force Addresses Global Food Crisis

A UN task force has been established to develop a comprehensive response to increasing food prices throughout the world. Included in the group are leaders of agencies such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The UN and the World Bank are urging world leaders to repeal export restrictions on food from their respective countries.

The UN's new advisor on food, Olivier de Schutter, bemoaned the use of food crops as biofuels. "The ambitious goals for biofuels production set by the US and the European Union are irresponsiblle," he stated. The pursuit of biofuels, he said, serves only the interests of a tiny lobby.

September 2004

Senate Cuts Administration's UN Peacekeeping Request

In late September, the Senate Appropriations Committee cut the President's budget request for UN peacekeeping by $76 million, reducing it to $574 million. Strangely, the Committee voted for the cut even though they noted that the President's request was very inadequate.
Action Item: Letters to Senators Boxer and Feinstein urging full funding prior to the final vote by the Senate.

Administration Threatens UN Groups that Work with UNFPA

Adding insult to injury, after pulling the $34 million for the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) that was approved by Congress, the Administration is threatening groups that work with UNFPA. Specifically, UNICEF has been informed that its financing could be in jeopardy if it continues to work with UNFPA.
Thus, UNICEF's maternal and child health care programs could be de-funded because they coordinate with a UN agency perceived by ultraconservatives as promoting abortion.
Action Item: Letter to Bush Administration objecting to this harassment.

UN Oil for Food Program: Senate Issues Subpoena to US Companies and Multinationals

France is targeted for scrutiny at the highest political levels, including a friend of Jacques Chirac, Patrick Maugein,. The latter is chair of the oil company Soco.

Bush Urges a Global Treaty to Prohibit Human Cloning for Therapeutic Research

When Bush spoke to the UN General Assembly in September, he urged passage of "A Global Treaty to Prohibit Cloning."

Wait a minute!! Isn't this the President who vigorously objects to constraints on national sovereignty and refuses to sign a host of global treaties? The proposed ban would put the Administration on a collision course with countries in Europe and East Asia that support interest in the medical possibilities of stem cell research.

UN Reform Panel Report Due December 2004

Kofi Annan's Panel on UN Reform is addressing how to modify the UN structure to deal with a range of threats to peace and security from the following:
- conflict between states
- violence and massive human rights violations within states
- terrorism
- organized crime
- proliferation of weapons, especially WMD
- poverty, disease, and environmental breakdown

August 2004

House Passes FY 2005 UN Funding Bill

The passage of this bill was not without a fight! Several Republican representatives proposed amendments that would (1) prevent financial support of UNESCO (arguing that this UN organization wants to "control the US education system"), and (2) cut $20 million from UN dues. These proposed amendments were strongly defeated. This bill has now been referred to the Senate for consideration.

Action Item: Letters to Senators Boxer and Feinstein urging their support.

House Appropriations Committee Concerned about UN Oil for Food Program and UN Congo Sexual Abuse Allegations

In the process of debating the UN Funding bill cited above, the Appropriations Committee expressed its support of the Inquiry Committee set up by Kofi Annan to investigate the "oil for food program." However the Committee observed that the UN's "leadership and legitimacy are tarnished by continued failure to bring to justice those individuals involved in improper and illegal activities." Allegations of sexual abuse of minors have been made against UN peacekeepers in the Congo.

Law of the Sea Convention Not Yet Ratified by the Senate

In the words of an expert on this issue, ratification of this Convention "would help protect our national security, advance our economic interests, and protect the marine environment." In November 2004, the Convention is open to amendment for the first time; it is imperative that the Senate approves this treaty before then.

Action Item: Letters were sent in April and again in June urging Senators Boxer and Feinstein to ratify this treaty. I will call their offices urging their help in bringing this Law to a vote.

Bush Blocks UN Population Fund (UNFPA) Financial Support

Oprah to be Honored by UNA-USA in September

June-July 2004

Danforth Replaces Negroponte As U.S. Representative To the UN

• Danforth commented in his confirmation hearings: "…the more the UN is willing to take on, the better. We need them."
• He supports establishing a "democracy caucus" in the UN.
• Concerning possible Security Council expansion, Danforth expressed the opinion that Japan deserves to be a member. He made the point that Japan contributes 19% of the UN budget, second only to the U.S.

Congress Considers FY 2005 UN Funding Bill

Action Item: Letter was sent 7/5/04 to Rep. Pelosi urging her support of this bill.

HR 4053: U.S. International Leadership Act; Senate Resolution 83: Democracy Caucus

HR 4053 seeks to improve U.S. participation in multilateral organizations. It recommends that U.S. delegations meet with foreign governments annually to "promote the U.S. agenda." In addition, it seeks to reform criteria for membership in UN bodies to preclude a situation such as Libya heading up the UN Human Rights Commission.

Other provisions:

• Increased training in multilateral diplomacy in the State Department
• Development of an Office on Multilateral Negotiations to coordinate "U.S. participation in multilateral negotiations."

On the Senate side, support for a democracy caucus at the U.N. was expressed in Senate Resolution 83. In the words of Senator Biden, the Resolution's sponsor, "forging a coalition of democracies (in the U.N.) is not merely a statement that nations have shared values; it's a hard-headed diplomatic approach. By joining forces to make common cause, the democracies can be more effective in the U.N…."

Oil for Food Program Amendment to FY 2005 Defense Authorization Bill

The alleged scandal could jeopardize Congressional reaction to the UN Funding bill described above.

Law of the Sea Convention Not Yet Ratified by the Senate

In the words of an expert on this issue, ratification of this Convention "would help protect our national security, advance our economic interests, and protect the marine environment." In November, the Convention is open to amendment for the first time; it is imperative that the Senate approves this treaty before then.

Action Item: Letters were sent in April and again in June urging Senators Boxer and Feinstein to ratify this treaty.

The National Council of the UNA-USA

May 2004

A Status Report on the UN Convention on Law of the Sea

· Last month we reported that the full Senate would consider this Law now that the Foreign Relations Committee had approved it. The full review is now underway and there are some objections being raised by the chair of the Environment and Public Works Committee, Sen. Inhofe (R-OK) and others within that Committee. He expresses concerns about the Law's impact on the sovereignty of the US under the Convention.
· The Administration continues to support ratifying the Law. A representative of the US Commission on Ocean Policy noted that if the US is not a party to the Law of the Sea Convention, we would lack the credibility needed to influence the development of ocean law and policy.
· A State Department legal adviser attempted to counter the concerns of those senators skeptical about the sovereignty issue. In testimony before the Senate, the adviser noted that there "is no surrender of sovereignty" under the Law of the Sea Treaty. He also assured the senators that the UN is unable, under the terms of the Treaty, to levy taxes.
· A floor vote on the Treaty has yet to be scheduled; it is imperative that the Senate approves the Treaty during this congressional session.
Action Item: Follow-up Letters to those I sent last month urging a yes vote.

Senator Dodd's Resolution Calls for a Security Council Resolution Authorizing a UN Mandate to Assist the New Iraqi Government

The Resolution states a "comprehensive UN mandate for nation-building in Iraq would greatly increase the legitimacy of the US" and others and would help the process of "establishing a democratic and stable nation for the Iraqi people."
· Dodd emphasized the importance of the UN's legitimacy, noting that the US's lack of credibility is preventing the international community from rallying behind us in helping to build a stable Iraq.
· Under the terms of the Resolution, the Bush Administration would work with the Secretary General to move this resolution forward.

Will the Administration block the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) Allocation?

April 2004

· This treaty was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1982, during the Carter and Reagan Administrations. Although the US took a leadership role at that time in the drafting of the Convention, we did not sign the treaty because of concerns over deep seabed resources.
· In 1994, the treaty was modified to address US concerns. The US signed it at that time and sent it to the Senate for the required approval by a 2/3 majority. However, it was only last fall (2003) that the Senate Foreign Relations Committee held hearings. The outcome of those hearings was announced in late February: the Foreign Relations Committee approved the treaty and sent it on to the full Senate for an "advice and consent" vote ratifying it.
· Two additional Senate Committees will hold hearings on the treaty over the next month.
· The full Senate is expected to vote before summer 2004.

· Some of the important benefits of this treaty (for the US) are:
1. guarantee of extensive navigation and overflight rights for our armed forces.
2. implementation of an exclusive economic zone extending up to 200 nautical miles from shore.
3. full membership in organizations created by the treaty, such as the International Seabed Authority.
4. extension of US sovereignty over large areas of ocean territory and resources
5. opportunities to work with other countries in areas related to the law of the sea.
(Note: We are the only Security Council member that has not ratified this treaty.)

Action Item: Letters to Senators Boxer and Feinstein urging a yes vote on this treaty).

Some Members of the House of Representatives Cite the Need for the US to Work More Closely with the UN in Stabilizing and Reconstructing Iraq.

· In March 2004, on the one year anniversary of the beginning of the war in Iraq, the House passed Resolution 557, a self-congratulatory statement affirming that the world is safer with the capture of Saddam Hussein and commending our troops in Iraq.
· The Resolution passed, 327 in favor; 93 opposed, with significant partisan bickering. The most interesting aspect of the process was the discussion leading up to the vote. One Republican Representative (J. Leach, Indiana) stressed the need to work with the UN in order to legitimize US foreign policy. He stated "…the UN is ignored at great risk, especially when the international community is at odds with a nation state's policies….One of the reasons so many countries prefer a strong UN role is that such a role …provides greater legitimization of processes leading to a new government. US slighting of the UN …causes the entirety of the Moslem world to become more antagonistic to our country."

Rep. Lynn Woolsey of CA. Introduces H. Res. 392: "Sensible, Multilateral American Response to Terrorism (SMART)" Calls for working with the UN in fighting terrorism. In her words, the Resolution "calls for more robust multilateral institutions to prevent terrorism" and sees war as a last resort.

March 2004

GAO Report on UN Administrative Reform

In response to a request from the Foreign Relations Committee, the US Government Accounting Office (GAO) reported on the progress of UN reform initiatives since 1997. The GAO credited Kofi Annan with implementing 70 % of the reforms in areas within his purview. However, the report criticized the General Assembly for (1) not adopting reforms to reduce meeting costs, and (2) failing to implement time limits on all new UN programs.
Here are some details from the report:

• UN program managers don't have authority to hire staff quickly in crisis cases.
• UN staff resists moving into hardship duty stations without incentives.
• As yet there is no monitoring and evaluation system to measure program performance.
• Progress in reforming the human rights programs is limited by "weak financial and program management and a heavy reliance on voluntary funding (for)…core activities."
• Resistance to reform by UN staff and lack of financial resources also present obstacles.
  

UN Role in Post-Taliban Afghanistan

When the Taliban regime collapsed in Afghanistan in late 2001, the UN, under the terms of the Bonn Agreement of December 2001, took the lead role in guiding the country toward self-rule. UN activities in Afghanistan center on (1) political affairs; and (2) relief, recovery and reconstruction.

Within the last year, the UN has worked diligently to assist the Transitional Government to develop a draft constitution. Over 550 meetings were held during this process. On January 4, 2004 a new constitution was adopted. Currently the UN is helping to register Afghan voters, although UN officials fear that lack of security will make it too difficult to hold fair elections this June.
In the area of relief, recovery and reconstruction, the UN has been instrumental in helping Afghanistan achieve the following:

• The gross domestic product (GDP) expanded by 30% in the last two years; it is expected to increase an additional 20% this year.
• UNICEF is helping the Afghan Ministry of Health to provide all rural villages with access to primary health care.
• The UN Office of the UN Commissioner for Refugees and UNICEF are helping to provide safe drinking water and sanitation to schools and communities in need.
• Over 100 square kilometers of land were cleared of mines.
• More than 2.5 million returning Afghan refugees have been repatriated with UN's assistance.
  

New Bush Administration Land Mine Policy

Bad news and Good news:

The bad news is that the Administration has decided to continue producing land mines even though 150 countries signed a 1997 treaty banning them. The Clinton Administration had adopted a policy to have the US sign the treaty to ban land mines by 2006. However, the current Administration rejected this policy.

The good news: The Administration proposes a 50% increase for removal aid and mine awareness programs around the world. The US vows to scrap all land mines not automatically disabled. The U.S. technology now enables mines to deactivate after hours or days, a big improvement over previous mines.

The bottom line is that instead of taking a leadership role in abandoning land mine production and use worldwide, the current Administration is reneging on its responsibilities.

Congress Pays Tribute to Ralph Bunche

The UN and the FY 2004 Omnibus Spending Bill (HR 2673)

• The omnibus bill provides full funding of the U.S. assessment for the UN regular budget ($322 million) and 11 specialized agencies (about 373 million).
• The bill specifies that funding of a U.S. delegation to the UN Human Rights Commission will not be allowed if the Commission is chaired by a government perceived to be a "state sponsor of terror." (Currently Australia chairs the Commission.)
• Peacekeeping operations are fully funded ($550 million).
• The Global Fund to Fight AIDs, TB, Malaria receives $550 million (less than the $1 billion authorized last summer).
  

UN Population Fund (UNFPA) 2004 Assessments in Jeopardy

$1.2 Billion Loan Proposed for Renovating UN Headquarters in New York

As part of its FY2005 budget request, the Bush Administration proposes a $1.2 billion loan to the UN for renovation of its New York headquarters. The interest rate would be 5.5 % payable over 30 years. UN officials were not entirely happy with this news. They had hoped that the US would make a $1 billion interest-free loan

UN Role in Iraq: UNA-USA Statement (February 5, 2004)

The UNA-USA proposes the following to facilitate the UN's involvement in Iraq: (1) Look forward, not backward; (2) Internationalize the Transition; (3) Establish a Multilateral Peace Operation Authorized by the UN; (4) Preserve the Independence of the UN's Role; (5) Establish a More Secure Environment for the UN's and other International Workers; (6) Include Iraq's Neighbors in the Political Process; (7) Politically Isolate the Insurgents.

Mandatory Testing for AIDs Needed Worldwide-Richard Holbrooke

In a Feb. 10th New York Times "Op-Ed" piece, former UN Ambassador Richard Holbrooke strongly urges a change in international policy on AIDs testing. As Holbrooke notes, current UN and US policy is "Voluntary Counseling and Testing." He states that no amount of money will bring AIDs under control until mandatory testing is required. He points out that HIV can be brought into a couple's relationship by a "partner who could have been carrying it for eight years."

Click here for the UNA-USA Statement on the United Nations Role in Iraq